TLE: Carpentry and Masonry Part 3

21) Which is considered to be the oldest and most commonly used building material?
a. Cement
b. Wood
c. Steel
d. Sand

22) A wood which is obtained from conifers and are used for framing?
a. Hard wood
b. Soft wood
c. Dark wood
d. Brown wood

23) Which wood is obtained from deciduous trees?
a. Hard wood
b. Soft wood
c. Dark wood
d. Brown wood

24) Which is a binding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone-like substance?
a. Glue
b. Cement
c. Mortar
d. Grout

25) Which term refers to inert materials when bound together into a conglomerated mass from concrete?
a. Aggregates
b. Gravel
c. Cement
d. Water

26) A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and trimmed in which cutting marks are visible is ________.
a. rough
b. smooth
c. dressed
d. worked

27) Which lumber has been put through planing machine which gives fine surface?
a. rough
b. smooth
c. dressed
d. worked

28) Which lumber that has been dresses and matched, ship lapped, or patterned?
a. rough
b. smooth
c. dressed
d. worked

29) Which is a plank of wood that has been roughly cut?
a. Timber
b. Board
c. Lumber
d. Block

30) Which lumber has been cut from logs radially to the growth rings and the fiber runs about parallel to the face?
a. Edge-grain
b. Angle-grain
c. Flat-grain
d. Close-grain 

Key Answers, Explanations, Notes, and Concepts

21) Which is considered to be the oldest and most commonly used building material?
a. Cement
b. Wood
c. Steel
d. Sand

Answer: b. Wood

22) A wood which is obtained from conifers and are used for framing?
a. Hard wood
b. Soft wood
c. Dark wood
d. Brown wood

Answer: b. Soft wood

Species of conifers can be found in almost all parts of the world, and are often the most common plants in their habitats, as in the taiga. Conifers are of great economic value, and their wood is mainly used for timber and paper making The wood of conifers is known as softwood, though yew wood is actually quite hard.

Hard wood- Hardwoods are employed in a large range of applications, including fuel, tools, construction, boat building, furniture making, musical instruments, flooring, cooking, barrels, and manufacture of charcoal. Solid hardwood joinery tends to be expensive compared to softwood.

Soft wood- Softwoods are commonly used for interior mouldings, the manufacturing of windows, construction framing and generating sheet goods such as plywood and fibreboard.

Dark wood- Furniture, cabinetry, turned objects, veneers, musical instruments, boatbuilding, and carving. Workability: Generally very easy to work with tools: machines well. Turns, glues, stains, and finishes well. Pinkish brown to reddish-brown.

Brown wood-

23) Which wood is obtained from deciduous trees?
a. Hard wood
b. Soft wood
c. Dark wood
d. Brown wood

Answer: a. Hard wood

Deciduous trees are giant flowering plants. They include oaks, maples, and beeches, and they grow in many parts of the world. The word deciduous means to “fall off,” and every fall these trees shed their leaves. Most deciduous trees are broad-leaved, with wide, flat leaves.

Hard wood- Hardwoods are employed in a large range of applications, including fuel, tools, construction, boat building, furniture making, musical instruments, flooring, cooking, barrels, and manufacture of charcoal. Solid hardwood joinery tends to be expensive compared to softwood.

Soft wood- Softwoods are commonly used for interior mouldings, the manufacturing of windows, construction framing and generating sheet goods such as plywood and fibreboard.

Dark wood- Furniture, cabinetry, turned objects, veneers, musical instruments, boatbuilding, and carving. Workability: Generally very easy to work with tools: machines well. Turns, glues, stains, and finishes well. Pinkish brown to reddish-brown.

Brown wood-

24) Which is a binding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone-like substance?
a. Glue
b. Cement
c. Mortar
d. Grout

Answer: b. Cement

Glue- an adhesive substance used for sticking objects or materials together.

Cement- is a finely milled mineral powder, usually grey in colour. The most important raw materials for the production of cement are limestone, clay, and marl. Mixed with water, cement serves as an adhesive to bind sand, gravel, and hard rock in concrete.

Mortar- is a material used in masonry construction to fill the gaps between the bricks and blocks. Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binder such as cement or lime, and water and is applied as a paste which then sets hard.

Grout- is used as a filler for the joints between tiles once the tile you are installing has been set. Most grouts are a powdered mix of cement, lime, color pigment and sometimes sand that hardens when mixed with water and left to cure.

25) Which term refers to inert materials when bound together into a conglomerated mass from concrete?
a. Aggregates
b. Gravel
c. Cement
d. Water

Answer: a. Aggregates

Aggregates- four primary aggregates are sand, gravel, crushed stone, and recycled concrete or fill. These different materials work to hold the ingredients together to harden into various landscaping projects such as sidewalks, driveways, roads, and parking lots. Let's examine each aggregate in detail and its uses.

Gravel-  it is used to make concrete, to create foundations for new roads, to mix with asphalt, fill construction sites, and even create other construction materials like blocks, pipes, and bricks. In some cases, gravel is piled into blast furnaces and used as a flux.

Cement- is a finely milled mineral powder, usually grey in colour. The most important raw materials for the production of cement are limestone, clay, and marl. Mixed with water, cement serves as an adhesive to bind sand, gravel, and hard rock in concrete.


Water- a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states.


26) A lumber that has been sawed, edged, and trimmed in which cutting marks are visible is ________.
a. rough
b. smooth
c. dressed
d. worked

Answer: a. rough

27) Which lumber has been put through planing machine which gives fine surface?
a. rough
b. smooth
c. dressed
d. worked

Answer: c. dressed

28) Which lumber that has been dresses and matched, ship lapped, or patterned?
a. rough
b. smooth
c. dressed
d. worked

Answer: c. dressed

29) Which is a plank of wood that has been roughly cut?
a. Timber
b. Board
c. Lumber
d. Block

Answer: d. Block
 



30) Which lumber has been cut from logs radially to the growth rings and the fiber runs about parallel to the face?
a. Edge-grain
b. Angle-grain
c. Flat-grain
d. Close-grain 

Answer:  c. Flat-grain

Edge-grain- Edge grain (or vertical grain) is produced by quarter-sawing the lumber so that the edges of the growth rings are exposed on the widest faces of the piece, and the rings form angles of 45 to 90 degrees with the widest faces.


Angle-grain- Lumber sawed with the annual rings, forming an angle of 45” or more with the wide faces is often described as edge-grain, vertical grain or rift-sawn in softwoods. In hardwoods, this angel of sawing is often referred to as quarter-sawn or comb-grained.

Flat-grain- a grain in lumber parallel or nearly parallel with the face of the piece (as of veneering stock) that is produced by sawing nearly at right angles to the annual rings.

Close-grain - close-grained wood refers to the size of the pores; woods with large visible pores are 'open-grain', and those with pores too small to see clearly are 'closed-grain'. When the wood's sawn, large pores can split and this will decide whether timber needs a filler to achieve a smoother finish.

Comments, Suggestions, Corrections, and Clarifications are highly appreciated. Kindly put those in the comments section. Fighting!

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